Life cycle happiness and its sources Intersections of psychology, economics, and demography

In the United States happiness rises slightly, on average, from ages 18 to midlife, and declines slowly thereafter. This pattern for the total population is the net result of disparate trends in the satisfaction people get from various life domains: their Wnancial situation, family life, health, and work. The slight rise in happiness through midlife is due chieXy to growing satisfaction with one’s family life and work, which together more than oVset decreasing satisfaction with health. Beyond midlife, happiness edges downward as a continuing decline in satisfaction with health is joined by diminishing satisfaction with one’s family situation and work; these negative trends are oVset considerably, however, by a sizeable upturn in later life in people’s satisfaction with their Wnancial situation. These Wndings come from an analysis of the United States General Social Surveys, using the demographer’s synthetic panel technique. They support neither the mainstream economics view that well-being depends only on one’s objective conditions nor the psychologists’ strong setpoint model in which adaptation to such conditions is rapid and complete. They are consistent with a “bottom up” model in which happiness is the net outcome of both objective and subjective factors in various life domains. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classiWcation: D1; D60; I3; O51 PsycINFO classiWcation: 2900; 3100; 3000 * Tel.: +1 213 740 6993; fax: +1 213 740 8543. E-mail address: [email protected] 0167-4870/$ see front matter © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2006.05.002 464 R.A. Easterlin / Journal of Economic Psychology 27 (2006) 463–482